![]() 1 - further details and references can be found in Petrenko and Whitworth ( 1999) Finney ( 2001, 2004). We now know the molecular structures of all of these phases, thanks largely to neutron diffraction crystallographic studies: these are indicated by the insets in Fig. We set out the main physical and chemical open questions on ice structures, patterns and processes from the fields of ice research in nature: from ice on Earth, in the oceans and the atmosphere, to planetary and interstellar ice. This article provides a view of the way ahead from some frontiers of research on ice. However, many of the issues raised in this article are issues of the 21st century that are not addressed in the textbooks. It thus does not aim to be a comprehensive review such a review of ice physics and chemistry would be a book indeed there are excellent books available Hobbs ( 1974) Petrenko and Whitworth ( 1999). For example: What are the ordering mechanisms of ice as it changes from one of its phases into another? What is the structure at its surface, and how does this differ from the bulk? What is the structure and microenvironment at the contact area of ice crystals? How does ice structure form initially? Are there meta-stable phases present in the environment? The common ground in any field of ice research is the urge to understand better its structure and dynamics. VI.2 A promoter of the emergence of the first life?ĭuring the workshop we found that, despite the diversity of ice research, a number of key themes are indeed common between the different fields.VI.1 Processes determining the evolution of pack ice.IV.4.3 Cirrus clouds and the supersaturation puzzle.IV.4.2 Ice nucleation in the troposphere.IV.4 Ice-containing clouds in the troposphere.IV.2 Ice clouds in the mesopause region.IV.1 Measurement and simulation methods.III.3.2 Desorption of ice-trapped molecules.III.3 Heterogeneous chemical processes on interstellar surfaces.III.2.1 Amorphous versus crystalline ice.III.1.1 Ice morphology on interstellar grain surfaces.III.1 Laboratory studies of astrophysical ices.II.3.2 Formation and structures of amorphous ices.II.3.1 Crystalline and amorphous structures.II.1 Order and disorder in crystalline ice structures.Technical University Hamburg Harburg, D- 21079 Hamburg, Germanyĭepartment of Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, TR-32260 Isparta, Turkey INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC–Universidad de Granada, E-18002 Granada, SpainįEI Company, Achtseweg NoGG, Eindhoven, The Netherlands GZG Crystallography, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germanyĭepartment of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Göteborg, Swedenĭepartment of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, E-18080 Granada, Spainįinnish Meteorological Institute, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spainĭepartment of Physics & Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ![]() Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC–Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, SwitzerlandĮcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |